In South Africa, anti-migrant violence is often explained in public debate as a reaction to unemployment, pressure on public services, or anger over undocumented migration. Those factors are real and widely cited. But a substantial body of evidence also shows another recurring pattern: when anti-foreigner campaigns turn violent, foreign-owned businesses are frequently looted, vandalized, extorted, or forced to close, suggesting that criminal opportunism and economic predation often travel alongside xenophobic rhetoric rather than sitting outside it.